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New Atom
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When an electron and positron "annihilate" there are two gammarays formed by the rotating dipoles, each with one-half threshold gammray energy and traveling in opposite directions (due to conservation of energy and momentum)
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- The velocity of light can be viewed as the "characteristic velocity" of electromagnetic radiation and NOT an upper bound to possible velocities. Proof of this can be shown by the equality of photon momentum and binary orbital momentum calculations for a specific energy photon; and is exemplified by "light pressure." (see Photon Structure, by T. E. Long)
- Numerical equivalence of the Fresnel Dragging Coefficient and the relativistic velocity calculation of special relativity show that Newtonian mechanics operates at the sub-quantal level and NOT the wormholes postulated for scales less than E-35 meter by Q.M. (See groundbreaking work on Scale by Dr. Philip Morrison.) Probabilistic indeterminacy is due to the mathematical statistics used to describe Q.M. and does not represent the deterministic forces that underlie nature at ever smaller scales. Alfred Lande's mathematical "Uncertainty Analysis" describes indeterminism as metrological limits on the accuracy achievable in physical measurements.
- Dark Matter: The massive subcomponents of the photon do not cancel to a mass of zero due to opposite signs, which only relates to their charges. The vanishingly small masses which were defined as zero are actually "definite absolutes" which add to one another, as the total magnitude of the electron and positron energy equal the total energy of the threshhold gammaray from which they were formed, 1.0216 MeV. (Also see "The Mass of the Photon," by Alfred Goldhaber and Michael Nieto in the May 1976 issue of Scientific American.) The apparent acceleration of the "Big Bang expansion" is, rather, an indication that the rate that photons lose energy as they travel across the universe is greater than a velocity corresponding to a constant or decelerating velocity calculated by interpreting the red shift as a Doppler shift.
Referring to the diagram below, the negatronic and positronic components rotating clockwise at the velocity of light, c, exhibit an unusual characteristic because when the vector for each component is added to the forward velocity, the vectors add for the upper component and subtract for the lower one (CW rotation). This "subtracted" quantity, negative helicity, results in the "Fresnel Dragging Coefficient" and is equivalent to the relativistic transformation (sans baggage). It was originally attributed to "ether drag" and was probably introduced as a fudge factor (speculating) in ether theory.
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